Signs of Harm and Abuses Social Work Codes of Practice

Signs of Harm and Abuses Social Work Codes of Practice Allan Cochrane Introduction In this essay I will be looking at signs of harm and abuse, ways in which the individual may become vulnerable to abuse, legislation in relation to safeguarding and codes of practice in which we as social care workers must adhere to in order to safeguard an individual. Harm and abuse is something that unfortunately happens, but there are ways in which we can recognise the signs of children who are victim to this. Physical abuse can lead to neurological damage, injury, disfigurement, disability and in the most severe cases death. The possible signs of physical abuse could see someone with injuries that arent consistent with an explanation given for how they received them, injuries to the body in places which are not normally exposed to falls or rough play, injuries that have not received medical attention, bites, bruises, burns and fractures that do not have an accidental explanation, reluctance to change for or take part in, games and sports activities. The effects of sexual abuse could include behaviours such as self-harm, inappropriate sexual behaviour, depression, sadness, and a severe loss of self-esteem. The impact of this is believed to increase the longer the abuse continues. The possible signs of sexual abuse could be eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia, sexual activity through words or drawings, repeated urinary infections and stomach aches, severe sleep disturbances, allegations concerning sexual abuse, preoccupation of sexual matters and knowledge of adult sexual behaviour or engages in sexual play inappropriate for the childs age, the child is provocative or seductive towards adults. Neglect of a child can have an impact on health, social functioning, education, growth and development, relationships and more severely death. The possible signs of neglect could be hunger, tiredness, dirty clothes, clothes too big or too small or inappropriate for weather conditions, left to fend for themselves or left unsupervised, unkempt, dirty hair, dirty skin, bad odour, untreated illness, infected cuts (www.kirkleessafeguardingchildren.co.uk) There are many ways in which children can be vulnerable to abuse such as parental substance abuse, the child has poor communication skills, absence of supportive/structed living environment, family is isolated, family dysfunction, history of abuse in the family, family refuse professional help, witness to abuse or domestic violence, child has no support/rejected by parents or carers, family live in poverty, poor housing conditions, family have an unhealthy social network, parent/s suffer from depression/stress, parent/s unable to supervise child. In recent years, we have seen a rise in children being targeted online, in a report by the Herald, it is estimated that the number of indecent communications recorded under the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009 between adults and children under the age of 13 rose from 103 in 2013/14 to 165 in 2014/15. In 2010 when the legislation first came into force there were only 15 offences recorded by Police Scotland, under the legislation it is an o ffence for a person to send sexual written and verbal communication to a child. (www.heraldscotland.com/news/14569603.Rise_in_the_of_Scottish_sexual_predators_targeting_children_online/) The Children and Young Peoples (Scotland) Act 2014 is a current piece of legislation designed to safeguard our children and young people, the act focuses on the rights of the children and young people in Scotland-encourages Scottish ministers and public bodies to think about these rights and how they relate to their work, the wellbeing and getting it right for every child (GIRFEC)-by improving the way services work to support children, young people and families, early learning and childcare-to strengthen the role of early years support the childrens and families lives, getting it right for looked after children-to ensure better permanence planning for looked after children. The act will also strengthen existing legislation that effects children and young people by creating a new right to appeal a local authority decision to place a child in secure accommodation, and by making procedural changes in the areas childrens hearings support arrangements and school closures. (www.gov.scot/To pics/People/Young-People/legislation/proposed-bill) The SSSC is the regulator of the social service workforce in Scotland, their role is to protect the public by registering social service workers, setting standards for their work practice, conduct, training and education and by supporting their professional development. Where social service workers fall below these standards of practice and conduct, they will investigate and take action. Some of the duties and responsibilities set out by the SSSC to safeguard individuals are 3.3 follow practices and procedures designed to keep me and other people safe from violent and behaviour at work, 3.9 enable people who use services and carers to make complaints. Take complaints seriously and either respond to them or pass them to the appropriate person. Take appropriate action when there is an allegation of harm, 4.3 take necessary steps to the reduce the risks of people who use services harming themselves or other people (Scottish Social Services Council, codes of practice for social service w orkers) Conclusion My research has shown me the various ways in which harm and abuse is perpetrated on an individual and the signs that we can look for to prevent further abuse or harm taking place. It has also shown me government legislation in protecting individuals and codes of practice that social services worker must work to, to safeguard individuals in our care. Word count:Â  883 References http://www.kirkleessafeguardingchildren.co.uk accessed 12.02.17 http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14569603.Rise_in_the_of_Scottish_sexual_predators_targeting_children_online/ accessed 12.02.17 http://www.gov.scot/Topics/People/Young-People/legislation/proposed-bill accessed 14.02.17 http://www.cyps.org.uk/policy/children-young-people-scotland-act# accessed 14.02.17 Scottish Social Services Council, codes of practice for social service workers

English Literature, the Secret Life of Sir Walter Mitty-James Thurber

Secret Life of Walter Mitty- James Thurber By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of: Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut   -A popular American writer, humourist and cartoonist. -A classical story. -Traditional realistic fiction. -A third person narration. Mixture of fantasy and realism. -Can be called a best example of magical realism. -Explores the concept of the â€Å"American Dream†. -Introduces an average American male namely Mr. Mitty. Average Americans try to escape from the world of reality and â€Å"try to live in the world of fantasy†. To make life a successful one, one should keep a balance between reality and fantasy. It is difficult to live always in the world of reality and also it will be impracticable to fly always from the world of reality and resort always there in fantasy.As Robert Frost said in h is eminent poem â€Å"Birches† one should be a swinger of the Birches therefore keep balance between reality and fantasy. Otherwise life will be painful and will be a total failure. Day dreams are equal to Mitty, Mitty escapes from his mundane life (dull and uninteresting) by resorting to elaborate fantasies. The name Walter Mitty has become synonymous for day dreams. Mitty becomes a symbol for a person who enriches his private life with dynamic day dreams while working or while listening to every day conversations. Story focuses on escapism from mundane life into the world of fantasies.The theme of success and failures in life is examined through Mitty? s inability to live an external life, which results in going back to an internal life full of dangers and heroism. -Stereotypical male and female roles. Mrs. Mitty appears as a practical woman (women are more practical than men in America). This aspect of women? s character is established in the story. Man has become weak ine ffectual and overly in aggressive. 1. Five day dreams of Mitty. 1. In the first day dream, which comes in the outset of the story Mitty is presented as the Pilot of US navy hydroplane. 2.In the Second day dream, Mitty is a wonderful doctor performing a serious surgery (appears as a world famous author of a medical book titled â€Å"Streptothricosis†). -An expert mechanic to solve any problem within no time. -Even not worried when he hears from the team of doctors that „A coreopsis? is formed on Mr. McMillan the patient. 3. In the third day dream Mitty is presented as a sharp shooter, a cool assassin, a convict who faces a great trail. 4. In the fourth day dream, Mitty is presented as a Royal Air force pilot -volunteering for a suicide mission to the ammunition dump and proudly says ?We have only one life?. 5 In the fifth day dream, Mitty is presented as an eminent soldier fearlessly facing a firing squad –inscrutable, disdain and proud to the last. 2. -Five trigg ers that stimulate Mr. Mitty. 1. Mitty? s speed of the car above 55 km/phr. 2. Mrs. Mitty? s reference about Dr. Renshaw; hospital, Mrs. Mitty? s enquiry about „? gloves. 3. Newspaper boy shouting at the top of his voice about the water Bury trail. 4. â€Å"Liberty† magazine with glossy pictures of war. 5. Smoke goes up from the cigarette. 3. Mitty brought back into reality by1. His wife? s timely intervene when Mr.Mitty was driving his car above 55km/phr speed (Mitty was in hydroplane). 2. Parking -lot attendant warns Mitty when he is driving his car in wrong lane (Mitty was imagining he is a great doctor). 3. Sudden remembrance of â€Å"Puppy biscuits† (Mitty was in the imaginary scene of trail). 4. Mitty is brought back by his wife (Mitty imagines that he is a member of a suicide squad). Mitty with his wings of fantasy moves in the realms of fantasy-story ends here, story begins and ends in fantasy, so Mitty appears as an unchanged character. By P. Baburaj, Se nior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, BhutanMitty is presented as an ineffectual person criticized and rebuked by others, he feels he is insulted by his inability to do things properly. His Failures in everyday life is just opposed by the extraordinary successes he plays out in his world of fantasy. His failure in real life and success in the world of fantasy are closely connected with gender role (sex roles) in modern America. The story reveals the lack of opportunities for men to perform meaningful, heroic actions in modern, suburban, middle class America. Men in modern America become weak and ineffectual in front of overly aggressive women.By the characterization of Mitty, James Thurber tries to criticize and mock the modern western ladies who dominate their husband in every walk of life. MITTY IN FANTASY v/sMitty in the world of reality. -He is a hero /heroic in action -Noble in action -Imaginative – An escapist -Man of forgetfulness – Weak/meek. -A s uperman /An extreme risk taker. -He always feels inferior. – Lacks competency -A man of decision. – Dependent. -A resourceful person. – feels sorry for everything. -Absent minded. -Giving orders. -Man of indecision waiting for orders. -Aware everything. -Even unable to park a car properly/chain properly. poor memory. -Not practical -Independent/ Never listens to others -Never mind the consequence. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan . -Powerful in flying Hydroplane. -Great author. – a great mechanic finds out fault within no time. -Bold in admitting. -Man of truthfulness. -A patriot ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his country. -The theme of success and failure in life is evaluated through Mitty? s inability to live a successful material life, which results him to retreat to a life of fantasy full of images of conquests. Mitty is portrayed as an unaffected rebuked by others –He feels insulted by hi s inability to do things properly. -The failure of his everyday life is just opposed by the extraordinary success he plays in his fantasy life. -In reality Mitty is a man of poor or limited achievement. Mrs. Mitty -Always bully her husband. -Dominating wife. -Worried about Mitty? s health and even notices the small changes. -Always appear as an adviser. -Responsible wife. -Aggressive and short tempered. -Behaves in a rough and merciless manner. Climax -no climax, or no particular climax. since story presents with a story within the story no clear beginning or end. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan -action slowly rises and slowly falls throughout. -no change in Mitty? s character. -Mrs. Mitty is Mr. Mitty? s link to reality. She helps Mitty to avoid losing his grasp of everyday life. -Mitty? s day dreams are harmless but when he awakens he finds himself in anawkward position and finds difficulty to adjust with the reality. Conflicts Internal -Mitty in the real world V/s Mitty in the world of fantasy. External -Mitty v/s his wife. Mitty v/s society (especially his struggles to follow conventional social norms). Fantasy: -eightengined hydroplane is used in the first fantasy by Mitty. In utmost care of class 12 by P Baburaj -in thefirst fantasy ,Mrs. Mitty complains about the speed of the car. -crew members expressesMitty as great and brave and not afraid of hell (death). -Car was in 55km/hr speed. I -Mrs. Mitty went to do her hair done during Mitty? s second fantasy. -patient in second fantasy- Millionaire Wellington McMillan, the great Banker and friend of Roosevelt, famous American president. -team of doctors headed by Dr. Mitty –Dr.Renshaw, Dr. Benbow, Dr. Remington, and Dr. Pritchard Mitford. -Dr. Pritchard Mitford appreciates Mitty for his book on Streptothricosis. -Mitty puts a fountain pen instead of a faulty piston in order to repair the anaesthetizer. – Webley-Vickcrs 50-80 –the brand name of Mitty? s gun in the third fantasy. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Meanings -Mitty- means –an ordinary, often an ineffectual person who indulges in fantastic day dream of personal triumphs. -Walt- someone who has aspiration to become a soldier, but posses none of the necessary personal qualities. Cocky- to be proud of one self. -A&P- name of a chain of grocery stores. Aupres de Ma Blonde- a song popular among the soldiers in world war I. -Cannonading –continuous firing of cannons. – Carburundum –a trade mark of abrasive chemical not something Mitty would actually need. -Obstreosis of the dual tract; meaningless medical Jargon invented by Mitty. -Streptothricosis- a sore on the skin, title of Mitty? s Book, medical Jargon misused by Mitty. -Overshoes –the shoes worn over another for protection. â€Å"I am going to take your temperature Mrs.Mitty implies that she is going to give a lesson after reaching h ome-this shows that Mrs. Mitty is a dominating and all powerful wife taking control over Mr. Mitty. -„To hell with the handkerchief ? -the courage of Mitty even in the face of great danger, he is powerful enough to face any firing squad without covering his face with his handkerchief. -Inscrutable to the last-it means in this context the mysterious nature of Mr. Mitty, real meaning is- it cannot be understood or known fully till the end. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan *********************

Execution Best Punishment For Capital Punishment

Karambir Kaur Kahlon Prof. Glichelle Pereyra English 099 6 April 2016 Execution: Best Punishment for Capital Punishment Crime in this society is increasing day by day. We often hear news of rape, murder and terrorist attacks which destroy the lives of millions of people. What do you think about all the crimes that are happening in this world? What can we do or is there any way to make this world safer place? There is an obvious and urgent need to control crime because there are many countries in which crime rate is very high. There is an ongoing dispute on capital punishment in courts, state legislatures, TV shows and other media. Some people say it helps in reducing crime, while others are opponents of it, since they argue it is cruel and we have no right to end human life. As a result, almost 68 countries abolished capital punishment, but there are many nations in which it is still legal and majority of executions are now performed in China, Pakistan, Iran, India, United States and Saudi Arabia (Babcock 1-5). It is absolutely right that no one has the right to end human life, but the question which arises here is why should the criminals lead an easy life and why we should be at their mercy, who ruined life of others, and who themselves have no mercy? I am not saying every crime deserves strict punishment, if anybody do robbery does not need any harsh punishment, but heinous crimes definitely deserve capital punishment. From the manyShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment: Does Death Equal Justice? Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment: Does Death Equal Justice? Capital punishment causes the death of someone because that person killed someone else, yet only murderers suffer such a fate. 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A great way to stop future killing from happening is capital punishment but it is only currently allowed in 32 of the 50 states. Murder in America is at such a high rate that there needs to be something done to help stop the climbing rate. In Edward Koch’s essay â€Å"Death andRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of Capital Punishment1625 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is a form of taking someone s life in order to repay for the crime that they have committed. Almost all capital punishment sentences in the United States of America have been imposed for homicide since the 1970 s. Ever since the reinstatement after 38 years of being banned, there has been intense debate among Americans regarding the constitutionality of capital punishment. 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People might not agree with some laws, their should believes that laws made only to protects them and their houses, farms, cars , also their life. There are a huge number of crimes such as robbery and assault on the street. If we couldnt find a sentence or laws to stop that which putting people life

Jfk s Rhetorical Masterpiece Of John F. Kennedy s Moon...

Ismael Pineda Dr. Livingston English 1101 27 Sept. 2016 JFK’s Rhetorical Masterpiece John F. Kennedy’s â€Å"Moon Speech† is a rhetorical masterpiece, which painted a vivid picture of America’s upcoming role as being a world leader in space exploration. The 1962 â€Å"Moon speech† was delivered by John F. Kennedy at the Rice University stadium in the midst of the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Kennedy’s ultimate goal with the â€Å"Moon Speech† was to get the Nation on board to support the NASA space program and ultimately beat the soviets to get a man on the moon. John F. Kennedy’s â€Å"Moon Speech successfully persuaded the American public to support the space program. Much of the speech’s success lay in its thoughtful use of Kairos and style. John F. Kennedy’s use of Kairos in the â€Å"Moon Speech† lay a nations mind at ease in the midst of a time of tension between the U.S and the Soviet Union, while his use of style kept his au dience’s attention and made curtail points that sunk into the minds of his audience. The importance of Kairos to the JFK â€Å"Moon Speech† was crucial to its success because he chose to deliver it at a time when America wanted to surpass the Soviet Union and beat them to the moon. The events that led up to JFK’s decision to deliver his â€Å"Moon Speech† were paramount to the immediate approval of JFK’s proposition by the American people. Throughout much of the midcentury, the U.S. and the Soviet Union were in a cold war. The reaction back at

Mariam A Legitimate End to a Life of Illegitimate...

â€Å"Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. You remember that, Mariam† (Hosseini 11). Mariam, a child born out of wedlock, grew up lacking the genuine love she yearned for. Despite everything, her mother told her, she believed that her father, Jalil, meant the best for her. That was until she made the shocking discovery on her own; he actually wanted to get rid of her. Pressured by his many wives, Jalil forces Mariam to marry an abusive shoemaker. As the last tear rolls down her cheek, she starts to understand the hardships that her mother went through. Emotionally neglected, they left her alone to live in a two-story house in Kabul; this becomes a life changing experience. On her journey†¦show more content†¦This shows how Mariam did not let oppression turn her mind against those who were close to her. In those tough times however, she still looked at the bigger picture. She turned herself in, took the blames, and paid for the crimes. Additionally, Mariam is courageous. When Mariam sees that Rasheed had the intention of killing Laila, she takes matters into her own hands. A typical woman during the Taliban era would be much too afraid to even think of touching their husband without permission. While Rasheed was choking Laila, she scratches Rasheed and ends his life ultimately with a shovel. She then sacrifices her life by turning herself to protect Laila and her children instead of fleeing out of the country with Laila. She accepted her fate and her consequences of being the inferior gender even if she felt that it was not just. â€Å"No. It was not so bad, Mariam thought, that she should die this way. This was a legitimate end to a life of illegitimate belonging† (Hosseini 359). In other words, she did not keep what she did as a secret. She was proud to die for what she did. In the end, Mariam contradicts the expectations of women in her culture through her acts of courageousness and her endurance through hardships. Mariam never cam from a family that supported the prominence of women; she was an illegitimate product of an outcast. Realizing the power of her accomplice, Laila, she risked her own life because sheShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Afghanistan War on Women777 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung women, Laila and Mariam, who face and overcome many hardships and live in a country destroyed by political oppression and war. Hosseini exposes the inner strength of Afghan women through the point of view of these two women; a strength that enables them to endure difficult situations including forced marriages, the Taliban insurrection, and a lack of educational opportunities. The novel begins with Mariam who has to endure life since birth. Being a harami, or an illegitimate child, grows up in

Software Development Life Cycle Free Essays

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE SUMMARY SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE is basically a framework which describes the activities performed at each stage of a software development Project. These activities involve stages like the requirements, design, implementation, testing, installation and maintenance. In the information technology industry, SDLC plays a big role. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Development Life Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now No software development process will ever be completed efficiently and also meeting the budget client requirements without SDLC. This is because SDLC involves a structural framework which describes the phases involved in information system development. SDLC in management is an important factor which needs to be taken into consideration if you want a software development project to be resounding success. The phases of SDLC can vary somewhat but generally include the following: Conceptualization Requirements and cost/benefits analysis Detailed specification of the software requirements Software design Programming Testing User and technical training; and Maintenance The following are some basic popular models that are adopted by many software development firms System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model Prototyping Model Rapid Application Development Model Component Assembly Model As part of my research project I would be studying the core principles of SDLC. I would also perform research on available SDLC models in the information technology industry. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model This is also known as Classic Life Cycle Model (or) Linear Sequential Model (or) Waterfall Method. This model has the following. Most software teams still use a waterfall process for development projects. Taking an extreme waterfall approach means that you complete a number of phases in a strictly ordered sequence: requirements analysis, design, implementation/integration, and then testingg activities. 1. System/Information Engineering and Modeling As software is always of a large system (or business), work begins by establishing the requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when the software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very critical requirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is not in place, the system should be engineered and put in place. In some cases, to extract the maximum output, the system should be re-engineered and spruced up. Once the ideal system is engineered or tuned, the development team studies the software requirement for the system. 2. Software Requirement Analysis This process is also known as feasibility study. In this phase, the development team visits the customer and studies their system. They investigate the need for possible software automation in the given system. By the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also includes the personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, target dates etc†¦. The requirement gathering process is intensified and focussed specially on software. To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the system engineer or â€Å"Analyst† must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior, performance and interfacing. The essential purpose of this phase is to find the need and to define the problem that needs to be solved . 3. System Analysis and Design In this phase, the software development process, the software’s overall structure and its nuances are defined. In terms of the client/server technology, the number of tiers needed for the package architecture, the database design, the data structure design etc†¦ are all defined in this phase. A software development model is thus created. Analysis and Design are very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development. Much care is taken during this phase. The logical system of the product is developed in this phase. 4. Code Generation The design must be translated into a machine-readable form. The code generation step performs this task. If the design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished without much complication. Programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc†¦ are used to generate the code. Different high level programming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java are used for coding. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen. 5. Testing Agile software development refers to a group of software development methodologies based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. Agile methods generally promote a disciplined project management process that encourages frequent inspection and adaptation, a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability, a set of engineering best practices intended to allow for rapid delivery of high-quality software, and a business approach that aligns development with customer needs and company goals. Agile methods have much in common with the â€Å"Rapid Application Development† techniqu How to cite Software Development Life Cycle, Essays

Alcohol Ruins Lives free essay sample

When We Talk About Love is a collection of short stories by Raymond Carver. Named â€Å"One of the true contemporary masters,† by Robert Towers of The New York Times Review of Books, Carver creates fiction that opens the reader’s eyes to a seldom spoken of, but all too real, part of American life. Alcoholism, and its ability to destroy families and escalate domestic disputes into violence, was a common theme throughout Carver’s short stories. Though there are many equally powerful themes in all of the stories, alcoholism is the driving force behind most of the misfortune in â€Å"Gazebo† and â€Å"A Serious Talk. † â€Å"Gazebo† opens with a married couple whose relationship is on the brink of collapse. Both alcoholics, Duane and Holly struggle to maintain a motel that they had decided to manage years earlier. Duane, probably as a result of his alcoholism, had gone outside the marriage with a maid named Juanita. As a result, Holly had lost all her will to be married to Duane, as well as her will to live. Carver describes the couple, locked in one of the motel rooms, drinking and arguing over each others’ faults and marital discrepancies. The story ends when Holly reminisces about a time when Duane and she had visited the house of an elderly couple that they didn’t know to ask for a drink of water. She remembers how Duane and she had imagined that someday they, too, would grow old and have a house of their own. Then perhaps some young couple would come to call on them for a glass of water just as they had done. â€Å"Gazebo† shows just how many hopes and dreams alcoholism can take away. Illustrating this point, Carver writes, There was this funny thing of anything could happen now that we realized everything had (27). By writing in the first person from Duane’s point of view, Carver shows how Duane feels that their lives have been expended, that any plans they might have had were now so far out of reach that they are impossible. The couple’s drinking problem is the obvious culprit, as Carver describes the couple’s usual decision making process: â€Å"Drinking’s funny. When I look back on it, all of our important decisions have been figured out when we were drinking. Even when we talked about having to cut back on our drinking, we’d be sitting at the kitchen table or out at the picnic table with a six pack or whiskey† (25). Since most of the couple’s important life decisions were made under the influence of alcohol, any of their sober aspirations remain impossible unless they change their lifestyle. With Duane’s betrayal destroying their marriage, any hope of restraining their drinking habit is probably long gone, and the story leaves the couple drowning in their own misery. Though the story is sad, just as most of Carver’s stories tend to be, it really sheds light on alcohol’s ability to destroy lives, as well as perpetuate actions that drive people to drink more. Alcohol addiction even leads one to consider drastic actions such as suicide; just as Holly tries to jump out the window in â€Å"Gazebo. † Howard C. Becker, Ph. D, author of a paper published by the Alcohol Research Health division of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, attests to alcohol’s life destroying and addictive nature. In his paper titled, â€Å"Alcohol Dependence, Withdrawal, and Relapse,† Becker focusses on the viscious cycles that alcoholism can lead one into. According to Dr. Becker, heavy drinking not only perpetuates a dependence for alcohol, but also increases a heavy drinker’s likelihood to relapse as a reaction to stressful situations when compared to light or non-drinkers. Clinical studies demonstrated that alcohol ­dependent people are more sensitive to relapse-provoking cues and stimuli than nondependent people† (Becker). Such behavior is of the sort that people like Duane and Holly allowed to grow until consuming alcohol became not only an obsession, but their entire life purpose. Becker delves deeper into the research and writes that â€Å"[F]or some dependent individuals, the fear that withdrawal symptoms might emerge if they attempt to stop or significantly curtail drinking may prominently contribute to the perpetuation of alcohol use and abuse† (Becker). With this in mind, it is clear that it can be all too easy to fall into the same sort of alcoholic cycle as Duane and Holly, and that without help, addicts like them may never escape the clutches of alcoholism. To elaborate on what can be done to help people with the disease of alcoholism from a pharmaceutical standpoint, Becker writes: The relationship between withdrawal, stress, and relapse also has implications for the treatment of alcoholic patients. Interestingly, animals with a history of alcohol dependence are more sensitive to certain medications that impact relapse ­like behavior than nimals without such a history, suggesting that it may be possible to develop medications that specifically target excessive, uncontrollable alcohol consumption. (â€Å"Alcohol Dependence†) With the possibility of drugs capable of suppressing the urge to consume alcohol in addicts, many people who normally would not be helped by a simple 12 step program, could use such drugs in combination with standard treatment in the future to help combat their addiction. Carver’s â€Å"A Serious Talk† is another short story that perfectly demonstrates the damaging affects of alcohol addiction on both the addict and those who surround them. In the story, a woman named Vera is visited by her ex-husband Burt, who arrives to give his and her children Christmas gifts. â€Å"Vera served sodas, and they did a little talking† (Carver 106). Here, Carver uses inconspicuous props such as sodas to show the emphasis of the absence of alcohol in this particular scene. Carver implies that the adults of the house are usually drinking something far stronger than soda. Vera also likely served soda as an attempt to prevent Burt from having a relapse or alcoholic episode in front of their children. Later on in the story, Burt puts the entire bundle of logs into the fireplace just before leaving, not thinking about the amount of fire that it would create. Carver describes the mantle as being charred and covered in smoke stains. The next day, Burt returns to apologize for his actions the night before. After being allowed entry, Burt asks vera for a drink, and she tells him there’s vodka in the freezer. Burt drinks the vodka with juice and asks Vera about her smoking habits. The phone rings and Vera takes the call in the other room, telling Burt not to listen to the conversation. Burt takes a large knife and cuts the phone line, ending the call out of jealousy, anger, or some other suppressed emotion. When Vera finds the phone cord cut, she screams for Burt to leave and he threatens to throw the ashtray but takes it with him instead as he leaves. Burt walks out to his car fuming with anger that he still failed to have a reasonable conversation with Vera, â€Å"The thing was, they had to have a serious talk soon. There were things that needed talking about, important things that had to be discussed† (Carver 113). Anger seems to both drive Burt’s rash actions and prevent him from doing anything too violent. Burt’s alcoholism is made apparent by his morning vodka drinking and is the definite cause of the couple’s separation. Vera tells Burt of the last straw that ended their marriage, â€Å" ‘Do you remember Thanksgiving? ’ she said. ‘I said then that was the last holiday you were going to wreck for us. Eating bacon and eggs instead of turkey at ten o’clock at night’ † (Carver 108). Actions like the destruction of the family’s Thanksgiving are examples of alcoholism’s role in marital disputes, and Burt’s actions – in particular the wielding of a large, heavy ash tray at his ex-wife – are clearly out of desperation and regret. Burt probably struggles on a daily basis to keep his drinking in check, but for him and all alcoholics, being sober just makes him irritable and leaves him desperate for some sort of drink. An important point to note is that regardless of the emotional and psychological torment that is ravaging Burt’s mind, he holds it back, acting tough and manly around his ex-wife, only wishing secretly to have a sincere conversation. This implosion of emotion and acting against his true feelings is one of the underlying reasons that Burt is an alcoholic in the first place. If he had been taught how to express his emotions, than he might have avoided this tragedy and still have a family. Michael Hemmingson, in his review of Carver’s â€Å"A Serious Talk,† writes about the motifs of Carver’s fiction, and how this story in particular not only has all of said motifs, but is a summation of Carver’s entire writing career. â€Å"[T]he failed marriage, the drunken exploits, the other lover waiting in the wings, the children having to deal with a broken family, smoking and drinking, doing regrettable things, and not saying the words that are inside the heart† (Hemmingson). Here, Hemmingson’s work drives home the importance of expressing one’s fears, regrets, and addictions. Without expressing these powerful feelings due to the need to feel strong and masculine, many men like Burt, particularly those who are alcoholics, are forced into violence. Simply because being violent is the only means to express their anger and other feelings whilst retaining their masculine appearance. Helping such people learn to express their pent-up feelings is not as much difficult, as it is borderline impossible. Burt for example, is not about to go to his neighborhood shrink and talk things out until he feels better. Men like Burt are far too concerned about their masculinity to notice the damage they are doing to those around them, at least until it is too late. Masculinity, in the traditional sense of Carver’s fiction, is men’s role as the economic provider of the family, showing only a tough as nails attitude, and having control over the household and their wife. As times began to change in the 1960s and to today, gender roles changed and men and women became more equal than ever before. This upset many men of the time period, who had been raised by traditional, controlling and masculine fathers. These men are unintentionally responsible for domestic violence and marital disputes of which Carver so accurately portrays in his writing. Raymond Carver has an astounding ability to not only capture the reader within his fiction, but put them in the driver’s seat when it comes to filling in the details. Having to use one’s imagination where Carver has intentionally left out details makes reading his short stories both vivid and enthralling. By leaving out details, Carver allows the reader to envision the scenes of his short stories as if they, or their family, were a part of the conflict. This style shows how Carver to not only writes to any audience, but also teaches the reader important life lessons such as the consequences of alcoholism. In â€Å"Gazebo,† and â€Å"A Serious Talk,† Carver throws the reader into the battleground of destroyed marriages. Themes such as suppressed male anger and alcohol addiction make the stories as serious as they are realistic. Duane, Holly, Burt, and Vera become characters as familiar as those in a novel, showing just how much power Carver has condensed into these short stories. Carver’s stories are not just words on paper, but a protest to his own experience. Carver himself, born in the 1930s, grew up knowing the masculine image he – as a man – was supposed to keep his entire life. Carver became an alcoholic and through near death experiences and a willingness to express himself and change his ways, overcame the disease, adding years to his life and inspiring works as influential as â€Å"Gazebo,† and â€Å"A Serious Talk. † With such a personal experience inspiring his works, the accuracy of Carver’s short stories is unquestionable and the writing itself is nothing short of extraordinary.